Mailing Children

I read  an interesting question the other day — “When did it become illegal to mail children?”

The answer is in June 1920. After that date you could no longer have your children delivered to relatives by the US Postal Service.

The US Parcel Post Service began January 1, 1913, allowing rural communities to receive packages that weighed more than four pounds without relying on the private delivery services. This was a huge boon to both mail order companies and the rural recipients of their goods.

The original regulations for what could or could not be mailed through the Parcel Service were vague, leading to people mailing all kinds of unusual things, like bricks and snakes, just because they could. Regulations during those early years varied from post office to post office depending on how the postmaster interpreted the rules. Just weeks after the parcel service began, an Ohio couple, Jesse and Matilda Beagle, mailed their eight-month-old son to his grandmother who lived a few miles away. The postage cost 15 cents and he was insured for $50.

In February of 1914, four-year-old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from Grangeville, Idaho and traveled by train to her grandmother who lived 70 miles away. She was accompanied by her mother’s cousin, who worked as a mail clerk. The 53 cents postage was much cheaper than a train ticket and the stamps were affixed to her coat.  When the Post Master General heard of this incident, he banned the mailing of human beings.

The ban didn’t slow some people down. In 1915 a woman mailed her six-year-old daughter 720 miles from Florida to Virginia by train for 15 cents. All in all there are seven verified cases of children being mailed. In August of 1915, three-year-old Maud Smith was mailed 40 miles to visit her sick mother in Kentucky. The postmaster got called onto the carpet for that incident and that was the last recorded child mailing.

People still tried to mail their children, however, and in June of 1920, the assistant Postmaster General refused the request to mail two children as “harmless animals” and the practice was officially outlawed. It was still legal to mail bees, bugs, baby chicks and other harmless animals, but not those of the human variety.

Hometown Hoedown – Cowboys, Miners, Butch Cassidy, Oh My!

 

My husband and I moved to Winnemucca, Nevada in 1984 as newlyweds for a one-month drilling contract at a developing gold mine. We ended up staying for 32 years…as one does. I had my kids there and taught school in the area for 29 years. I still think of it fondly, nine years after leaving.

Winnemucca is located in Northern Nevada on the Humboldt River. Because of its location, the area has been continuously inhabited since the 1830s when beaver trappers, such as Peter Ogden, built camps there.  One of the first settlers, a fur trader named Joseph Gianacca, built a ferry allowing travelers to cross the river, and the settlement then became known at French Ford.

Winnemucca

In 1948 Northern California was given to the USA by Mexico, and French Ford developed into a popular stopping point for emigrants traveling along the Humboldt Trail to California.

Silver was discovered in the Humboldt Range in 1860, bringing in miners. Ranches also began developing in the area in the mid-1860s, and some of those ranches are still in operation today.

 

Basque shepherds came to Nevada in the mid-1800s (bringing with them their dogs, called Australian Shepherds), and Winnemucca remains one of the hubs of Basque culture in the United States. Basque hotels are famous for their family style dinners and unique cuisine. Winnemucca had two such hotels, one of which is still in operation as a dining facility.

The Martin Hotel–a historic Basque hotel

The Central Pacific Railroad reached Winnemucca in 1868 and in 1869 Winnemucca became a stop on the Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese working on the Transcontinental Railroad created a China Town in the city.

After the Transcontinental Railroad was completed, French Ford was renamed Winnemucca in honor of a famous Paiute Chief.

Chief Winnemucca

Because of the railroad, Winnemucca became a shipping hub and a center of commerce in the 1970s. Cattle from ranches in northern Nevada, southern Oregon and southwest Idaho were drive to Winnemucca to be shipped by rail to Sacramento and San Francisco.

In September of 1900, Butch Cassidy and his gang is alleged to have robbed the First National Bank, riding away with more than $32,000 dollars. Some of the money is said to still be buried along the muddy banks of the Humboldt River.

Today Winnemucca boasts a population of close to 8,000 people. It’s still a cowboy town, so it’s not unusual to see buckaroos in full regalia shopping in the local grocery store. There are numerous ranches, large and small, in the outlying areas, some dating back to the 1860s and 1870s.  It’s also a mining town. Nevada is the third largest gold producer in the world and several of the gold mines are located nearby.

There’s a thriving Basque community in the area, one of the largest in the US, and a yearly Basque festival is held in June. Winnemucca is also home to the Buckaroo Hall of Fame, which honors legendary cowboys and individuals of the Great Basin.

Lastly, if you’ve heard  Johnny Cash (or anyone else) sing I’ve Been Everywhere, you’ll hear mention of a little town called Winnemucca in the preamble. Also, Rod McKuen, who spent years in Nevada, wrote a poem called Winnemucca, Nevada. He says he learned his first cuss word there.

So, if you’re ever driving on Interstate 80 between Reno and Salt Lake City, you’ll pass through Winnemucca. And when you do, I hope you’ll remember it’s rich history.

Go Lowry Bucks!

The Miraculous Oxydonor

How wonderful it would be to have a device that cured every disease!

That is exactly what the Oxydonoor, purported to do. Invented in the 1890s by Dr. Hercules Sanche, and released to the general public in 1896, the Oxydonor consisted of a nickel plated tube containing  a stick of carbon with wires leading from it to electrodes attached to a metal contact pad. The user of the device would put the tube in a bowl of water, attach the metal plate to a wrist or ankle, then lie in bed while the Oxydonor did its work. The colder the water, the more effective the treatment, according to Dr. Sanche.

How did the Oxydonor cure all diseases except for those that were terminal? By forcing oxygen through the skin into the body, of course. People of the era did not understand that oxygen could only enter the body through the lungs.

The device was said to stimulate nerves and increase blood flow as the oxygen levels in the body increased  which, in turn, cured diseases. Dr. Sanche  stated that his device was so effective that it would soon take the place of doctors.

Guess what? It didn’t work.

Guess what else? Dr. Sanche wasn’t really a doctor. He was a businessman who devised a field of medicine called diaduction. He believed that an undercurrent connected all natural organisms, and a disruption of that current created illness. Oxygen, he believed, could restore the disruption of the natural current, thus the Oxydonor. He moved frequently to stay one step ahead of the authorities as the complaints rolled in, but continued to market his device and to warn the general public against imitators.

In 1915 a fraud order was issued against him in New York, and he was sentenced to 18 months in jail. He avoided shutting down operations after that by moving to Montreal Canada, where he continued to market his device until the 1950s.

If you are interested in trying Dr. Sanche’s miracle device, you can pick one up on eBay. There are several listed there.

Christmas Freebie

Hello and Merry Christmas!

Once upon a time I wrote a two-book series about a pair of rodeo-riding brothers called The Harding Brothers. A few years after these books were released,  I was asked to expand the series. The problem was that I was out of brothers, so I came up with a third, long lost brother and he has become one of my favorite heroes.

The exciting news is that this  book, THE COWBOY’S CHRISTMAS  will be FREE on Christmas Eve and for a few days after.

Here’s a description of the story:

Christmas in Marietta, Montana, is a season of magic and second chances…

Wayward cowboy Quinn Harding doesn’t have a secret—he is a secret. Or he was until his rancher brothers learned of his existence and insisted on meeting up. But Quinn’s reluctant—he’s always been a lone cowboy, enjoying his quiet isolation and taking pride in his ranch work. He’s not a man who’s ever dreamed of a home or family, but when an accident forces him into temporary employment at a small family ranch, he begins to rethink his life’s choices.

Since losing her husband two years ago during the holidays, Savannah Dunn has dodged people and Christmas, preferring the beauty and solitude of her ranch. But now that she’s playing temporary parent to her twin nieces, she desperately needs to rekindle her holiday spirit and sense of fun for the sake of the girls.

Can she and the quiet, gorgeous ranch hand bring the joy of Christmas to the ranch without either of them losing their hearts?

If you would like to read this story, please mark your calendars for December 24 and check your favorite online book vending site for a free digital copy of THE COWBOY’S CHRISTMAS. If you enjoy it, please consider reading the other brothers’ stories, CATCH ME COWBOY and RESCUED BY THE COWBOY.

Have a wonderful holiday! I look forward to seeing everyone in the New Year!

Jeannie

Let’s Talk Turkey…and have a Give Away!

The wild turkey, native to eastern and central USA.

Turkeys are native to North America and there are two species–the wild turkey, which is native to what is now the eastern and central regions of the United States, and the Ocellated turkey which is native to southern Mexico. Surprisingly, the domestic turkeys in the United States probably originated not from our native birds, but from the the Mexican species.

Ocellated turkey, native to Mexico

The Mayans are thought to have domesticated turkeys about 2000 years ago. Symbols of the birds are featured in Mayan manuscripts and chronicles of the Spanish expeditions to the Yucatan describe foods made of turkey. Spanish explorers brought the birds from Mexico to Europe in the early 1500s, where they were very popular with aristocrats. Turkeys arrived in England during the mid-1500s, and when English settlers came to North America, they brought domestic turkeys with them. (I wonder if they were surprised to see that there were already turkeys there.)

Royal Palm Turkey

There were through to be about 10 million wild turkeys in the United States in the 1600s. By the 1930s there were an estimated 30,000 birds. In the mid-20th century, biologists began trapping turkeys from the Ozarks and New York, two of the places that still had wild turkeys, and transplanting them to other areas around the country.

Domestic turkeys were a luxury item until the 1940s when farmers began intensively breeding the birds and the prices dropped. The advent of refrigeration allowed for frozen turkeys, which greatly increased the market as turkeys could now be shipped to other parts of the country.

Broad Breasted White Turkey

Ben Franklin did not suggest that the turkey become our national symbol, however, he was not a fan of the bald eagle. When comparing the two birds, he said, [The turkey is] “a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America…He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage.”

Interestingly, this bird of courage can be aggressive toward humans. I can’t say that I blame them, all things considered. On that note, I have to ask, are you a Thanksgiving turkey fan? Or do you prefer another protein? One randomly drawn respondent will receive a $20 Amazon gift card. 

Happy Thanksgiving!

 

 

Henry Starr – Outlaw and Actor

As you may have guessed from his name, Henry Starr is a relative of Belle Starr, the Outlaw Queen. A nephew, to be exact. Henry was born in 1873 in Oklahoma Territory to George Starr, who was half Cherokee, and Mary Scott Starr, who was one quarter Cherokee. Mary came from an educated, law abiding family. George, not so much. Interestingly, Henry was no fan of Belle, whom he found crude and offensive. He told people they were related only by marriage. He didn’t seem to have a problem with his outlaw uncle Sam Starr, or grandfather Tom Starr.

After his father died, his mother married an abusive man, and Henry left home at the age of thirteen. He worked as a cowboy in rough and rowdy northeast Oklahoma, and despite having only a sixth grade education, was something of an intellectual. His first brush with the law was when he borrowed a wagon that was found to have whiskey in it. He pled guilty to having illegal spirits, but insisted he hadn’t known about the whiskey. His next encounter was law enforcement was when he was falsely accused of stealing a horse. After being bailed out of jail by his cousin, he took to the road, jumping bail. It seems that he decided that if he was going to be accused of crimes, he may as well commit them. He and two other men began robbing stores and train stations shortly thereafter.

Two lawmen managed to hunt down Henry in 1892 on a ranch where Henry was rumored to work. A gunfight ensued and Henry killed a Deputy Marshal and then escaped. Now wanted for murder, Henry and his partners began robbing banks instead of stores. While traveling to California by train, they stopped in Colorado Springs, where law enforcement were finally able to arrest Henry for murder and highway robbery. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to hang in 1893. His lawyers managed to appeal and the US Supreme Court overturned the decision, giving Henry a second trial. He was once again found guilty and sentenced to hang. His lawyers again appealed and Henry got a third trial, in which he pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to 15 years.

During his stay in jail, a fellow inmate, Cherokee Bill, attempted a jailbreak with a smuggled gun. A guard was killed in the gunfight that followed. The guards could not disarm Cherokee Bill, so Henry, a friend of Bill, told the guards that he would talk the man into giving up the gun if the guards promised not to kill Bill. The guards agreed and Henry talked Cherokee Bill into giving up his gun. Because of this act, the Cherokee Tribal Government applied for a pardon, and Teddy Roosevelt, who was impressed with Henry’s bravery, reduced the sentence. Henry was released in 1903. After returning to civilian life and working in his mother’s restaurant, he married and had a son, Teddy Roosevelt Starr.

Unfortunately, law enforcement agents from Arkansas still had a bone to pick with Henry regarding a robbery there and demanded extradition in 1904. At that point, Henry went back on the run, formed a new gang and once again began robbing banks. He was captured, convicted and sent back to prison. While in prison,  he studied law and wrote his autobiography Thrilling Events; Life of Henry Starr. He was paroled by the governor in 1913. Once free, he began robbing banks again, chalking up a total of 15 robberies in 1914-1915. He was captured in 1915 and once again went to prison, where he finally came to the conclusion that crime didn’t pay  (even though it have been quite lucrative to him). He began speaking and writing to young people and encouraging them not to follow a life of crime, but to instead earn their money the old fashioned way. He was paroled in 1919 because of his good acts. He then turned to acting, producing and starring in a silent movie called A Debtor to the Law, which drove home the senselessness of crime. The movie was a success and he received an offer to make a Hollywood movie, but turned it down, once again fearing extradition to Arkansas. So what did he do then?

He returned to a life of crime. In 1921 he attempted a bank robbery in Harrison, Arkansas, but was shot in the commission of the crime and later died of his wound. He bragged to doctors on his deathbed that he had robbed more banks than any man in America. Indeed, he had made off with more than $60,000 during his career as a bank robber.

Turpentine as a Medicine–Yes, Really

When I was in 4-H many years ago, I took a Veterinary Science project. As part of the project, I had to write about the way various equine ailments were treated. I had a great source–or so I thought. It was my great-grandmother’s old veterinary book, published in the late 1800s. I found out that I could cure almost anything by using turpentine, castor oil, pine tar, or kerosene. Sometimes these materials were used externally as wound dressings and at other times mixed with other ingredients for oral treatment. After finishing my paper and giving it to my mom to read, she gently informed me that veterinary science had moved beyond turpentine, pine tar and kerosene. I found a new source in the library and wrote a new paper, but I’ve always been fascinated by the use of turpentine as a medicine.

Turpentine is made from pine trees and has a long history of use as a solvent, paint thinner and water repellent, as well as a medicine. We now know that turpentine should NOT be ingested, as it causes kidney and lung damage, but before the side effects were understood, it was used routinely in medical treatments. Romans used it  to treat depression. Doctors used it both internally and externally throughout history to treat wounds, infections and to kill internal parasites such as tape worms. It was a widely used component in the snake oil treatments sold in medicine shows in the late 1800s, and during Prohibition, turpentine was used to make fake gin. Also, many folk remedies contained turpentine and  when ingested, it will make urine smell like violets.

Turpentine does have some medicinal benefits. It is an antiseptic and it burns enough to make one feel like the germs are indeed being killed. It will help stop heavy bleeding. It is also still an ingredient in Vick’s Vapor-Rub, although it’s listed as an inactive ingredient. (Can you recall the feel  of PJs stuck to your chest as Mom used Vicks to fight cold symptoms? I sure can.)

Do any of you have home remedies that you still use? I don’t use turpentine, but I’m totally onboard with ginger tea and mint tea for nausea, as well as baking soda paste on bee stings.

 

The Virginia City Flour Wars

Virginia City, Montana is the county seat of the area in which I live–the place where I go to renew my vehicle registrations and vote. Visiting VC is literally like stepping back in time with its wooden sidewalks and historical buildings. As one of the earliest mining areas in Montana the area has a rich and colorful history and today I’m going to tell you about the Virginia City Flour Wars.

Virginia City in January when I went to renew my car registration. Come summer these sidewalks are teeming with visitors.

It began in the winter of 1864 when Virginia City was almost two years old. In September, residents, many of whom were new to the area, were encouraged to stockpile provisions in case of snow blocking the passes during the winter months. At that time flour sold for $26.50 per 98 lb. bag. By December all the passes to Salt Lake City and other destinations were blocked by heavy snow.  Despite being snowed in, the price of flour actually dropped in February 1865, going as low as $22 a bag. In March, however, the passes were still badly drifted in and impossible to traverse, and the residents became concerned about the diminishing store of flour. Prices rose sharply, going up to $47 a bag in March.

As the miners ran out of flour, and merchants continued price gouging, with prices rising to $100 a sack, a group of 438 armed citizens, led by a man on horseback waving an empty flour sack, converged on the town. The group was divided into six patrols, each with a leader, and tasked with searching every home and business and collecting all available flour. People tried various methods to hide their flour, under floors, hidden in barrels beneath other commodities and, in one case, hidden under a haystack. The flour hunters managed to secure 82 sacks of flour which they stored in a building known as Leviathan Hall. The vigilante Flour Committee kept records and promised to pay the owners of the confiscated flour $27-$30 per sack, depending on the source of the flour.

The day after the flour raid, the precious commodity was re-distributed. Each man who affirmed he had no flour could buy up to 18 pounds. More were sold to those with families. As the supply dwindled, the amount a person could buy dropped to ten pounds. Two days after the flour raid, the people from whom the flour was taken were paid in gold for the commodity. A month later, the first supplies of flour arrived in the area and the great flour shortage was over.

 

 

Winter Warmth

Our winter wood arrived a couple weeks ago, and we’re set for the next two years. The fun thing about this wood delivery was I discovered that I was the logger’s aunt’s junior high science teacher over thirty years ago in a completely different state. How’s that for small world?

My husband likes to take it nice and slow, and cuts three logs a day into rounds. After he cuts for the day, I chuck the rounds away from the log pile so that he can roll down new logs and cut again the next day.

After we get a goodly stack of rounds, we pull out the splitter and split, then stack. After that we haul loads to our basement wood room, which holds over a cord. We replenish often during the winter months.

I really enjoy doing the wood, but I’m cautious about chainsaws. Growing up in logging country, one couldn’t help but respect the machines and all they could do as well as the injuries they can cause. I prefer the splitter, but in today’s post I’m addressing the history of the chainsaw.

The original chainsaw was invented in the 1780s by John Aitken and James Jaffrey, Scottish doctors who used it to aid in childbirth. The machine was used to cut away excess cartilage and bone if the baby got stuck in the birth canal.  In 1830 a German Bernard Heine invented a chainsaw which he called the osteotome (bone cutter).  this was used to remove diseased bone and joints. Eventually, however, the chainsaw was used to cut materials rather than the human body.

In 1883  patents were granted for a Chain Sawing Machine, for cutting boards; and an Endless Chain Saw for cutting redwood trees.

The first portable chainsaw was patented by James Shand, a Canadian.  Then along came Andrea Stihl who patented the first electric portable chainsaw in 1926 and a gas-powered model in 1929.  This is a very abbreviated history, but I thought it was fascinating that one of the most useful tools in the timber industry came from the medical field after almost a 150 years.

Now, if you’ll excuse me, I think I’ll go chuck some rounds. 🙂